#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""webcam-cadence.py — measure the CAMERA cadence that actually reached a recording.

This is the ground-truth probe for the webcam-judder work (`ai.md` → "Frame cadence"):
the pump's own counters say what the compositor DID, this says what the FILE holds.

    python3 scripts/webcam-cadence.py <video.mp4> <x> <y> <size> [--start SECONDS]

Get <x> <y> <size> from the pump's scene dump in startup.log — the element's `rect=` is
in master pixels, e.g. `[5] HD Pro Webcam C920 … rect=1425,748 526x290` → centre
(1425+526/2, 748+290/2) = (1688, 893); pass the crop top-left as x,y and `size` as the
square side:  --x 1598 --y 803 --size 180  (see below for why not 526x290).

Why it is done this way (each of these was a real wrong reading on 2026-10-16):

1. **Exact pixel equality is useless.** H.264 re-encodes even a completely static region
   slightly differently on every frame, so `cur == prev` reported "57.9 distinct images/s"
   — i.e. every frame new — for a scene whose camera delivers 30/s. Use a THRESHOLD on the
   mean absolute difference (MAD): a new camera frame moves the picture far more than codec
   noise. The MAD distribution is bimodal (codec noise well under 0.5, real motion over 1),
   so the threshold is read off the data, not guessed.

2. **The crop must sit INSIDE a round clip.** A round-clipped element (the webcam) has
   radius r = min(w,h)/2 = 145 for a 526x290 box. A square crop of side s has its corners
   at s/√2 from the centre: s = 240 → 170 > 145, so the crop corners showed the 60fps
   BACKGROUND behind the circle and the probe counted 60/s. Keep s ≤ 1.41·r (180 is safe
   for r=145) — or crop a circle-excluded region.

3. **One scene at a time.** Element rects differ per scene, so a fixed crop carried across
   a scene switch reads whatever is under it (background) and reports a multi-second "hold"
   that never happened. Use the `FramePump scene dump:` timestamps to pick a window with
   `--start`, or measure each scene's window separately.

4. **A still subject also produces long holds.** Threshold counting cannot tell "the camera
   had nothing new to send" from "we repeated a frame". Read this beside the pump's own
   `FramePump stats` (renders/5s = composites/s) and `webcam … N/s` lines, which do not
   depend on subject motion.

Expected healthy shape: the hold histogram peaks at **2 frames** (a 30fps camera in a 60fps
container: every image twice → 50% duplicates) with distinct/s ≈ the camera's own rate and
the longest holds in the low hundreds of ms. A peak at 4+ frames, or distinct/s near the
composites/s figure, means the file is a slide show of held images — the judder.
"""
import argparse
import shutil
import subprocess
import sys

import numpy as np

FFMPEG = shutil.which("ffmpeg")
if FFMPEG is None:
    sys.exit("ffmpeg not on PATH (bundled copy: ffmpeg/ffmpeg.exe — use the Windows one from Windows)")
BLOCK = 64


def main() -> int:
    ap = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Count distinct webcam images per second in a recording.")
    ap.add_argument("video")
    ap.add_argument("--x", type=int, required=True, help="crop left, master pixels")
    ap.add_argument("--y", type=int, required=True, help="crop top, master pixels")
    ap.add_argument("--size", type=int, default=180, help="square crop side, INSIDE the round clip (default 180)")
    ap.add_argument("--start", type=float, default=0.0, help="seconds to skip (single-scene window)")
    ap.add_argument("--fps", type=float, default=60.0, help="container fps (default 60)")
    ap.add_argument("--frames", type=int, default=0, help="stop after N frames (0 = whole file)")
    args = ap.parse_args()

    vf = f"crop={args.size}:{args.size}:{args.x}:{args.y},scale={BLOCK}:{BLOCK},format=gray"
    cmd = [FFMPEG, "-v", "error"]
    if args.start:
        cmd += ["-ss", str(args.start)]
    cmd += ["-i", args.video, "-vf", vf, "-f", "rawvideo", "-"]
    print(f"# crop {args.size}x{args.size}+{args.x}+{args.y} @ {args.start}s of {args.video}", file=sys.stderr)

    frame_bytes = BLOCK * BLOCK
    prev = None
    mads = []
    buf = b""
    proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    assert proc.stdout is not None
    while True:
        chunk = proc.stdout.read(frame_bytes * 256 - len(buf))
        if not chunk:
            break
        buf += chunk
        while len(buf) >= frame_bytes:
            raw, buf = buf[:frame_bytes], buf[frame_bytes:]
            cur = np.frombuffer(raw, dtype=np.uint8).astype(np.int16)
            if prev is not None:
                mads.append(float(np.abs(cur - prev).mean()))
            prev = cur
            if args.frames and len(mads) + 1 >= args.frames:
                proc.terminate()
                break
        if args.frames and len(mads) + 1 >= args.frames:
            break
    proc.wait()
    if not mads:
        sys.exit("no frames decoded")

    mads = np.array(mads)
    frames = len(mads) + 1
    dur = frames / args.fps
    print(f"frames={frames} ({dur:.1f}s @ {args.fps:.0f}fps)")
    print("MAD between consecutive frames (mean abs gray diff, 0-255):")
    for lo, hi in [(0, .1), (.1, .5), (.5, 1), (1, 2), (2, 4), (4, 8), (8, 16), (16, 1e9)]:
        n = int(((mads >= lo) & (mads < hi)).sum())
        label = f"{hi:g}" if hi < 1e9 else "999"
        print(f"  [{lo:>4}-{label:>4}): {n:>7} ({n / len(mads) * 100:5.1f}%)")
    print(f"  median={np.median(mads):.2f} p90={np.percentile(mads, 90):.2f} max={mads.max():.1f}")

    # Thresholds read off the bimodal split; 0.5 is the operating point for a moving subject.
    for t in (0.5, 1.0):
        new = np.where(mads > t)[0]
        distinct = len(new) + 1
        holds = np.diff(np.concatenate([[0], new + 1, [frames]]))
        hist: dict[int, int] = {}
        for h in holds:
            hist[h] = hist.get(h, 0) + 1
        top = ", ".join(f"{k}x{hist[k]}" for k in sorted(hist)[:8])
        longest = sorted(hist.items(), reverse=True)[:4]
        print(f"\nthreshold MAD > {t}: distinct images={distinct} ({distinct / dur:.1f}/s), "
              f"duplicates={(frames - distinct) / frames * 100:.1f}%")
        print(f"  hold histogram (frames-held x images) {top}")
        print("  longest holds: " + ", ".join(f"{k}f ({k / args.fps * 1000:.0f}ms) x{hist[k]}" for k, _ in longest))
        print("  want: peak at 2 frames, ~the camera's own rate, longest holds < ~300ms")
    return 0


if __name__ == "__main__":
    raise SystemExit(main())